![]() The vehicle had small glass windows on top and naturally luminescent wood affixed to its instruments so that they could be read in the dark. The operator used two hand-cranked propellers to move vertically or laterally under the water. It had tanks that were filled with water to make it dive and then emptied with the help of a hand pump to make it return to the surface. The device, dubbed Bushnell's Turtle, was an oval-shaped vessel of wood and brass. The first submersible to be used in war was designed and built by American inventor David Bushnell in 1775 as a means to attach explosive charges to enemy ships during the American Revolutionary War. There do not appear to have been any further recorded submersibles until Bushnell's Turtle. Contemporary accounts state that the final model was demonstrated to King James I in person, who may even have been taken aboard for a test dive. ![]() ![]() 1535–1582) and designed and built by Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel in 1620, with two more improved versions built in the following four years. The first recorded self-propelled underwater vessel was a small oar-powered submarine conceived by William Bourne (c.
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